Slip Ring Assembly

Parallax ping))) Ultrasonic Sensor
Desoldering Braid
Pololu Pulleys
Copper Clamps
Jumper Wires
12V Unipolar Stepper Motor

Civilizations

Africa

Predynastic Egypt [9000 - 4200 BC]

Egyptian [3150 BC - 31 BC]

Tribal (Nile Valley Civilizations)

Modern




Asia

Mesopotamia

Sumerian [5300 - 4100 BC]

Elam [c.3200 - 539 BC]

Akkadian [2300 - 2200 BC]

Amoritian [2000 - 1600 BC]

Babylonian [c.2500 - 1531 BC]

Assyrian [c.1950 - 612 BC]

Hittite [c.1750 - 1180/750 BC]








Persia


Median [728 - 549 BC]


Achaemenid [c.550 - 330 BC]






China




Ancient Chinese [c.2100 - 221 BC]

Imperial Chinese [221 BC - 1911 AD]

Modern Chinese [1911 AD - ]




Japan

Paleolithic Japanese [35000 - 14000 BC]

Jomon [14000 - 300 BC]

Ancient Japan [300 BC - 1185 AD]

Feudal Japan [1185 - 1603 AD]

Edo Japan [1603 - 1868 AD]

Empire of Japan [1868 - 1945 AD]

State of Japan [1945 AD - ]




Siberia

Mongolian [1206 - 1368]

Tribal

Modern




Europe

Greek [c.750 BC - 146 BC/529 AD

Roman [27 BC - 476/1453 AD]

Turkish

Norse

Anglo-Saxon

Napoleanic

Tribal

Modern




North America

Tribal

Modern




South America

Aztec

Incan

Mayan

Tribal

Modern




Australia

Tribal

Modern




Antarctica

Scientific

Arduino + Tiny Vibrate Motor + Pushbutton

Arduino Code

int buttonPin = 3;
int buttonState = 0;

void setup(){
  pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop(){
  buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
  switch(buttonState){
    case HIGH:
      Serial.println("off");
      break;
    case LOW:
      Serial.println("on");
      analogWrite(9, 123);
      delay(100);
      analogWrite(9,0);
      break;
  }
  delay(100);
}

2.2kΩ Resistor

Arduino + Pushbutton

Arduino Code

int buttonPin = 3;
int buttonState = 0;

void setup(){

pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop(){

buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
switch(buttonState){

case HIGH:
Serial.println("off");
break;
case LOW:
Serial.println("on");
break;

}
delay(100);

}

QED by Richard Feynman

QED: Quantum Electrodynamics / Quod Erat Dictum

Everyday properties of light:

• goes in straight lines 
• bends when it goes into water 
• when reflected from a surface like a mirror, the angle at which the light hits the surface is equal to the angle at which it leaves the surface 
• light can be separated into colors 
• you can see beautiful colors on a mud puddle when there is a little bit of oil on it 
• a lens focuses light 
• light is partly reflected in some surfaces, such as glass or water

Proven using photomultipliers (which produce an audible click each time a photon hits) and monochromatic (red, green, or blue) light:

• light is made of particles (photons) 
• partially reflective surfaces return an average of 4% of photons 
• as the thickness of a given partially reflective surface increases, the return oscillates between 0 and 8% 
• because glass has two reflective surfaces (front and back), the return oscillates between 0 and 16% 
• this cycle repeats itself at different rates for different colors, so some thicknesses return only red or only blue, or blue and red in different proportions, creating effects like rainbows in oil puddles 

Grand Principle:
The probability of an event is equal to the square of the length of an arrow called the "probability amplitude." An arrow of length 0.4, for example, represents a probability of 0.16 or 16%.

General Rule for drawing arrows if an event can happen in alternative ways:
Draw an arrow for each way, and then combine the arrows ("add" them) by hooking the head of one to the tail of the next. A "final arrow" is then drawn from the tail of the first arrow to the head of the last one. The final arrow is the one whose square gives the probability of the entire event.

Derived from the above findings:

• The arrows correspond to a metaphorical stopwatch hand; their direction is determined by the amount of time it takes for them to travel a given distance. When graphed, outliers cancel each other out, so the center of the distribution has the most influence on the final direction of the arrow / path of the light. Thus, light travels along the shortest path, and the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. 
• If the scope of the possible paths is limited too extremely, the time of each revolution of the metaphorical stopwatch is too short, so near-identical paths end up scattering. There is a lower limit to the size of a mirror. 
• Scraping away the parts of a mirror that bias one direction biases the light towards the opposite direction, making a previously unreflective surface reflective. This is called a diffraction grating.

Magnetix Micro

Tiny Round Vibrate Motor

Supplier (Hobby Engineering)

Illuminated Push-On-Off Button

Supplier (Radio Shack)

Linescan Imaging Sensor Module

Supplier (Jameco)

SPST Momentary Button

Supplier (Radio Shack)

16x2 Parallel LCD Display

5x7 Dots
Yellow LED Backlight
3.9x0.9" display
4.8x1.7x0.6" module
5V input
Supplier (Jameco)
Datasheet (658988)

Tutorial: http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/LiquidCrystal
You've shorted two of these by wiring them backwards: be careful. The pin towards the middle of the board is Pin 1, Ground.

Hierarchy #1

Chromatics (of Materials)

Chemicals mixed into pigments work by absorbing some light and reflecting the rest.

Arduino + Unipolar Stepper Motor + ULN2004A + Bipolar Stepper Motor + L293DNE + 2 Potentiometers

Arduino Code

#include <Stepper.h>
#define biSTEPS 200
#define uniSTEPS 400
int last_verti, curr_verti, last_horiz, curr_horiz;

Stepper bi_stepper(biSTEPS, 7, 6, 5, 4);
Stepper uni_stepper(uniSTEPS, 8, 9, 10, 11);

void setup(){

Serial.begin(9600);
bi_stepper.setSpeed(15);
uni_stepper.setSpeed(15);

}

void loop(){

sweepVertical();
sweepHorizontal();

}

void sweepVertical(){

bi_stepper.step(10);
bi_stepper.step(-10);
delay(100);

}

void sweepHorizontal(){

uni_stepper.step(20);
uni_stepper.step(-20);
delay(100);

}

void controlVertical(){

curr_verti = analogRead(0);
if(abs(curr_verti - last_verti) > 20) blinkLed();
else bi_stepper.step(curr_verti-last_verti);
last_verti = curr_verti;
delay(100);

}

void controlHorizontal(){

curr_horiz = analogRead(1);
if(abs(curr_horiz - last_horiz) > 20) blinkLed();
else uni_stepper.step(curr_horiz-last_horiz);
last_horiz = curr_horiz;
delay(100);

}

void blinkLed(){

digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);

}

Color Constancy

In an image employing a limited palette, the gray or neutral areas will take on the appearance of the missing colors.

Chromatics (of Language)

Hue
The color's place in a given color scale.

Saturation
The purity or intensity of the color; the amount of pigment:oil.

Brightness

Shade
The amount of black in the color.

Tint
The amount of white in the color.

Chromatics (of Human Perception)

The retina contains cells called rods & cones.

There are three types of cones:

• S (short-wavelength) ~420nm, violet
• M (middle-wavelength) ~534nm, green
• L (long-wavelength) ~563nm, yellowish green

Colors stimulate each cone type in different proportions—
each color accorded a tristimulus value.
The set of all possible tristimulus values yields the visible color space (10 million colors).

There is one type of rod:
Rods are only informative in dim light,
when the cones are understimulated.

The brain processes tristimulus values into three opponent channels:

• red-green
• blue-yellow
• black-white (luminance)

Art Lessons from Humans (Painting)

Mrs. Ibreck (Lady Eden’s Girls School, 1989-1992)
Use linseed oil to thin
Use turpentine to clean
Lightly sketch out the desired image
Paint the highlights, then the colors, then the shadows
Repeat until image is aesthetically pleasing

Mr. Harris (Latin School, 1997-2001)
Start with a large bristle brush
Then use incrementally smaller bristle brushes
Switch to large soft brush
Then use incrementally smaller soft brushes

The face has cool undertones across the forehead and chin
And warm undertones across the cheekbones and nose tip

The human body tip-to-toe is the height of eight heads
The wingspan is equal to the height
The eyes are halfway between the top of head and bottom of chin
The nose is halfway between the center of eyes and bottom of chin
The mouth is halfway between the bottom of nose and bottom of chin
The head is egg-shaped


Samin Lama (Bhaktapur, Nepal, 2007-2008)
To prepare a thankga canvas:

Build a frame of four interlocked planks of wood wide enough to be rigid under pressure
Cut a canvas a hand-width narrower than the frame’s interior
Sew a finger-width hem around the canvas
Run twine through the hem, crosshatching over the corners of the frame
Use a leather needle to sew the canvas into the frame
Use a stitch four-fingers wide
Stretch the canvas tight and even into the frame, like a hide
Lap around until the canvas is stiff and springy
Bring a small pot of water and a hand-sized strip of animal skin glue to a boil over low heat
Do this outside, because it will stink
When the glue melts, add a fistful of clay
Stir over heat until it is smooth and spreadable, not too sticky
Add small amounts of clay and water as necessary
Lay the canvas on the ground with something clean but expendable, and rigid
We used plywood but cardboard works well
Take a rag and spread the warm primer evenly across the canvas
Take a smooth stone and rub the primer into the canvas
Apply firm pressure, using your whole arm
Flip the canvas over and repeat
Let dry between layers
Repeat until the surface is smooth and thin, like parchment

Don’t breathe while the brush is on the canvas
(This also applies to soldering)

Time breaths with brushstrokes

Use no more paint than necessary
The image should shine clearly when back-lit

Ignore any distraction

Maintain posture


Sara Bright (UC Berkeley, 2007-2009)
[Mr. Harris'] bristle/soft brush strategy is not always best
Use the brush that best suits the attitude of the subject

Keep all your tools clean

Maintain a lightness


Squeak Carnwath (UC Berkeley, 2007-2009)
Paintballs are too violent and ugly to be called painting

To paint carelessly is to insult the entire history of painting

Mineral spirits are better than turpentine as a subtractive
And can be used as a non-retarding thinner

Unprimed canvases deteriorate after 10 years

Paint well-applied can disguise itself as any other medium


Katherine Sherwood (UC Berkeley, 2007-2009)
[Cannot yet be sufficiently summarized.]

Art Lessons from Humans (Photography)

My Father

Never have the subject directly centered

Use the right camera for the right job

Aperture is the dilation of the lens

Shutter speed is the length of time the lens is open, in tenths of a second

Focal point marks the distance from you to the subject

Ms. Ross (Latin School, 1997-2001)

Three ways to take a photo:

Fully com/posed

Right place, right time

Premeditated composition, waiting for the perfect moment

A tight aperture (high number) has a long depth of field (more is in focus)

A wide aperture (low number) has a short depth of field (less is in focus)

To prepare black & white film:

With your hands in a lightproof bag (even darkroom light will ruin undeveloped film)

Use a bottle opener to pry open the film canister

Slide the film onto the ridged spool of the developing tank

Encase the spool in the lightproof tank

Add chemicals and water as directed into the tank

Shaking carefully

Disposing of chemicals properly

Practiced, takes 5 minutes

Developed film is light-safe

To prepare color or slide film:

Is too difficult and not worth doing yourself, send them to a lab

To print on an enlarger:

Any errant light will ruin photo paper

Objects placed directly on paper will produce an image (Rayographs)

Place negative in holder, focus

Place photo paper on enlarger rack

Expose light (time is critical: longer exposure leads to a darker image)

Dodge and burn as necessary

Put photo paper in developer for around 30 seconds (time is critical, may vary)

Then stop bath for a minute (time not critical)

Then fix for four minutes (time is critical, may vary)

Then rinse for a minute (time not critical, image is now light-safe)

Then hang to dry (let dry fully)

Final prints should range from full black to full white

Digital photos are the wave of the future